FIELD GEOLOGY OF THE SHOALHAVEN DISTRICT  (PART 24)

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CHAPTER 16: References and Glossary

References 
Andrews EC: “Report on the Yalwal Gold Field” (Min.Res.NSW, 9) 1901 
Branagan DF and Packham GH: “Field Geology of NSW” (Science Press) 1967 
Card GW and Jaquet JB: “The Geology of the Cambewarra Mountain, NSW” (Rec.Geol.Surv.NSW, 8, 261) 1903 
Harper LF: “The Geology of the Gerringong District” (Rec.Geol.Surv.NSW, 8(2) 94) 1905 
Harper LF: “Geology and Mineral Resources of the Southern Coalfield” (Geol.Surv.NSW Mem 7) 1915 
Nashar B: “Geology of the Sydney Basin” (Jacaranda) 1967 
Packham GH (Ed): “The Geology of NSW” (J.Geol.Soc.Aust. 16 pt 1) 1969 
Paix JG: The Geology of the Shoalhaven Shire” (Shoalhaven Shire Council) 1968 
Taylor TG: “Sydneyside Scenery” (Angus and Robertson) 1958 
Ulladulla and Wollongong Geological Sheets and Explanatory Notes: (Dep. Mines NSW) 1966   
Year 12 Geology Class at Westley Park September 1984

Glossary: Rock and Mineral Names 
AGGLOMERATE Coarse, angular, pyroclastic rock 
AMETHYST Purplish variety of quartz 
AMPHIBOLES Mineral group, complex aluminosilicates 
ANDESINE Member of the plagioclase family of felspars ANDESITE Volcanic rock composed mainly of andesine and ferromagnesian minerals 
APLITE Fine grained dyke rock often found intruding coarse igneous rocks 
ARKOSE Sedimentary rock rich in felspars; may be derived from weathered granite 
ARSENOPYRITE Mineral, FeAsS, commonly called mispickel or arsenical pyrites 
AUGITE Dark mineral of complex formula, one of the pyroxene group 
BASANITE Volcanic rock resembling basalt, but containing minerals such as nepheline in addition 
BIOTITE Common dark coloured variety of mica 
BORNITE Peacock copper ore, Cu5FeS4, frequently displays an iridescent purple tarnish 
BRECCIA Fragmental rock composed of angular fragments. May be pyroclastic but finer than agglomerate 
CASSITERITE Mineral, SnO2, tin oxide, stream tin CHALCEDONY Waxy variety of quartz composed of microscopic crystals 
CHALCOPYRITE Golden copper ore, CuFeS2 
CHERT Sediment or residue composed largely of minute quartz particles 
CHLORITE Green micaceous mineral, commonly formed during metamorphism or weathering 
DOLERITE Common basic igneous rock of medium crystal size ESSEXITE Igneous rock resembling gabbro, but containing some nepheline 
FELSPAR Large group of aluminosilicate minerals, present in most rocks 
FLUORITE Mineral whose formula is CaF2 
GABBRO Plutonic igneous rock composed mainly of plagioclase, olivine, and pyroxenes 
GALENA Common lead mineral, PbS 
HAEMATITE Common iron ore, Fe2O3 
HORNBLENDE Dark mineral of complex formula, one of the amphibole group 
HORNFELS Fine grained metamorphic rock, the result of the intense heating of a silty sedimentary rock 
ILMENITE Mineral whose formula is FeTiO3 
JASPER Coloured impure of chalcedony 
LABRADORITE One of the plagioclase family of felspars LAMPROPHYRE Intrusive igneous rock rich in phenocrysts of ferromagnesian minerals 
LATERITE Residue of weathering, rich in iron and aluminium oxides 
LATITE Volcanic rock containing approximately equal parts of plagioclase and potassium felspars 
LITHIC SANDSTONE Sandstone composed largely of rock fragments 
MAGNETITE Dark magnetic iron mineral, Fe3O4 
MONZONITE Plutonic rock, similar in composition to latite NEPHELINE Rock forming mineral, (Na,K)Al SiO4 
NORITE Variety of gabbro 
OLIVINE Common family of greenish rock forming minerals, (Fe,Mg)2SiO4 
ONYX Variety of chalcedony composed of coloured, parallel bands ORTHOCLASE Potassium felspar, KAlSi3O8 
PEGMATITE Coarse igneous dyke rock usually found intruding bodies of granite 
PHYLLITE Metamorphic rock, midway between slate and schist PLAGIOCLASE Family of sodium-calcium felspars, ranging from NaAlSi3O8 (albite) to Ca Al2Si2O8 (anorthite) 
PYRITE Common brassy mineral, FeS2 iron pyrites, fool’s gold PYROLUSITE Manganese dioxide, MnO2 
PYROXENES Mineral group, represented by ABSi2O6 where A and B are metals 
QUARTZ FELSPAR PORPHYRY Common intrusive rock, containing phenocrysts of quartz and felspars 
QUARTZITE Metamorphic rock derived from sandstone RHYOLITE Flow banded volcanic rock related to granite in composition 
RUTILE Titanium dioxide, 
TiO2 SCHIST Metamorphic rock in which micaceous minerals are dominant 
SHALE Fine grained, layered sedimentary rock 
SILTSTONE Fine grained sedimentary rock in which layering is not prominent 
SLATE Fine grained metamorphic rock notable for its well developed cleavage 
SPHALERITE Zinc blende, ZnS 
SPOTTED SLATE Slate in which individual crystals are prominent STANNITE Complex ore mineral, Cu2FeSnS4 
SYENITE Plutonic igneous rock, composed essentially of orthoclase and ferromagnesian minerals 
TRACHYTE Volcanic rock related to syenite 
TUFF Fine grained pyroclastic sediment 
ZEOLITES Group of hydrated aluminosilicate minerals 
ZIRCON Zirconium silicate ZrSiO4   
Upturned Strata Shoalhaven River September 1978
Glossary: Descriptive terms 
ACIDIC  As applied to igneous rocks, containing more than 66% SiO2 by analysis  
ADIT Horizontal mine passage from the surface AMGYDALOIDAL Applied to volcanic rocks, meaning contains cavities (amygdales) filled with secondary minerals 
ANTICLINE Fold in which strata are arched upwards BASEMENT Older, more altered rocks lying beneath a sedimentary basin 
BASIC As applied to igneous rocks, containing less than 52% SiO2 by analysis, but more than 45% 
BATHOLITH Large body of intrusive igneous rock, commonly granitic in appearance  
BRACHIOPODS Group of marine invertebrates, having two dissimilar shells (valves), each of which is bilaterally symmetrical CLASTIC DYKE Body of sediment forced by pressure into cracks in the beds above or below 
COLUMNAR JOINTING Pattern of cracks caused by cooling which breaks a body of rock into columns, commonly hexagonal CONCRETION Body of mineral formed around a nucleus within the fabric of a rock 
CORRELATE The determination of the age equivalence of various rock formations 
CRINOIDS Group of marine organisms characterised by a cup, with radiating arms, attached to the sea floor by a stem 
CROSS BEDDING Arrangement of strata at an angle to the horizontal caused by current deposition 
DEUTERIC Term applied to alteration of an igneous rock by solutions after crystallisation has ceased 
DYKE Intrusive body cutting across adjacent rocks 
ERRATIC Applied to transported rock fragments foreign to the area where found 
ESTUARINE Applied to the region where fresh water drainage systems meets the sea 
FACIES As applied to sediments, the nature of the sedimentary material 
FERROMAGNESIAN Containing iron and magnesium FLUORESCENCE Emission of visible light by a substance when exposed to ultraviolet rays 
GANGUE The nonmetalliferous components of an ore body GLENDONITE Type of concretion common in Permian sediments which crystallised in near freezing bottom mud 
GRAPTOLITES Extinct group of marine organisms, found in floating colonies 
GROUNDMASS Material between the phenocrysts in a porphyritic rock 
GRYKE Solution groove on a limestone surface 
HYDRATION Combination with water 
IGNEOUS Formed from the molten or partially molten state INLIER 
Body of rock surrounded by younger rocks, produced by erosion INTERMEDIATE As applied to igneous rocks, containing between 52 and 66% SiO2 by analysis 
INTRUSION A body of igneous rock invading an older rock ISOCLINAL Applied to folds in which the limbs are practically parallel 
JOINT Rock fracture 
LACCOLITH Sill-like intrusion which has domed up the overlying rocks 
MESA Flat topped, cliff bound mountain 
METAMORPHIC Applied to rocks which have been formed by the effect of heat, pressure etc on existing rocks 
MIDDEN Aboriginal refuse heap 
MOLLUSC Marine organism characterised by a fleshy foot MONOCLINE Local steepening of the dip of strata  
NORMAL FAULT Displacement of strata resulting from tension within the rock 
OROGENIC Mountain building 
OUTLIER Body of rock surrounded by older rocks, produced by erosion 
OXIDISED As applied to ore bodies, the uppermost, weathered region 
PALAEONTOLOGY Study of former life as revealed by fossils PHENOCRYSTS Relatively large crystals in an igneous rock, usually ones which crystallised earlier 
PLUTONIC  Formed deep within the earth 
POLYZOA Group of marine, colonial organisms 
PORPHYRY Igneous rock containing phenocrysts PSEUDOMORPH Crystal produced by the alteration or replacement of another mineral, but retaining the original shape PYROCLASTIC Applied to sediments produced by explosive volcanic activity 
RACE Channel cut to convey water, usually for alluvial mining REVERSE FAULT Displacement of strata caused by compression within the rock 
SEDIMENTARY Applied to rocks deposited in layers SERPENTINE Rock forming minerals frequently derived from the alteration of ferromagnesian minerals 
SILICIFIED Replaced or cemented by silica 
SILL Body of igneous rock forced between strata 
SINK HOLE Depression caused by solution in a limestone body SLUMP Sediment that has moved down a slope, causing disturbance of the original bedding 
SPHEROIDAL WEATHERING Type of weathering which causes outer layers to peel off, forming rounded boulders 
STACK Small coastal island not yet removed by marine erosion STRATIGRAPHY Study of layered sedimentary rocks STRIATIONS Subparallel grooves, sometimes caused by glacial movement 
STRIKE Course or bearing of an outcrop, usually applied to sedimentary rocks, dykes, veins etc 
SYNCLINE Fold in which strata are arched downwards. TECTONIC Applied to the deformation of the Earth’s crust TERRACE Benches produced by deposition and erosion of sediment 
TOPOGRAPHIC Term applied to the surface relief of the Earth TUFF Fine grained pyroclastic material 
TWINNING Tendency of crystals, when growing, to share faces, edges etc 
ULTRABASIC As applied to igneous rocks, containing less than 45% SiO2 by analysis 
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION Rays lying outside the violet end of the visible spectrum 
UNCONFORMITY Erosional surface separating younger and older rocks; a time gap 
VESICULAR Containing small gas cavities or vesicles 
VUGH Cavity in a rock frequently lined with crystals 
WASHOUT Channel cut through sediment which is later filled in itself 
WATER TABLE Surface below which rock openings are filled with water 
XENOLITH Applied to foreign rock material found within a body of igneous rock 
Volcanic Agglomerate Bombo December 1968

Comments

  1. Charles Fairlie21 October 2020 at 00:15

    Hello,
    I would like to have a chat with you about my great grandfather, Alexander Blair Butler, who you mention in one of your blogs a few years ago... in relation to the Emmaville Tin mines of the 1880s. My contact details are Charles Fairlie phone 0434524466.

    ReplyDelete

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